1.
Project Apollo (1967-1972) 
Image courtesy JSC Digital Image Collection/ NASA
Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., lunar module pilot, faces the camera as he walks on the moon during Apollo 11 extravehicular activity.
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The
Apollo spacecraft carried three men and consisted of a command module (crew quarters), service module (rocket motor, fuel cells, fuel tank, maneuvering rockets, science packages and life support), and a lunar module (a two-man, two-stage independent space vehicle for landing and lifting off from the lunar surface). Apollo's primary mission was to land men on the
moon, explore it and return them safely to
Earth.
Project Apollo started with a tragic fire that claimed the lives of three astronauts (Virgil Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee) on the launch pad. The Apollo spacecraft was redesigned and tested in Earth orbit during Apollo 7. Apollo 8 took astronauts into lunar orbit, then Apollo missions 9 and 10 tested the lunar module in earth orbit and lunar orbit, respectively. Apollo 11 carried the first men (Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin) to the lunar surface, while a third astronaut (Michael Collins) orbited the moon in the command module. Armstrong and Aldrin spent hours walking on the moon, and their mission fulfilled President Kennedy's challenge.
NASA sent six more missions to explore various places on the moon, where astronauts spent up to two days exploring the lunar surface and gathering samples of moon rocks. One mission, Apollo 13, did not make it to the moon because an explosion crippled the spacecraft en route. NASA showed its ability to handle a crisis as it improvised solutions to get the spacecraft around the moon and return the crew safely to Earth (Apollo 13 is often called a successful failure).
Title: Project Apollo
Author: Craig Freudenrich.Ph.D
a. This article is about how the NASA fulfill their mission to go the moon by using project Apollo. Land men on the moon, explore it and return them safely are the primary mission of Project Apollo which was started with tragic fire that claimed the lives of three astronauts. After that, The Apollo spacecraft was redesigned and tested. And finally, Apollo 11 has successed doing their primary mission and they were asked to do six more mission. Apollo 13 which was failed stepping their feet on the moon because an explosion crippled the spacecraft, but they could return safely to Earth.
b.This article is interesting for me because human goes to moon/ outer space not just only a dream nowadays, but it really could happen. NASA has already proved that they could do their mission successfully. Although many of Apollo project not give a satisfied result but Apollo 11 did.
c.(1) crippled: an offensive term of something that not does correctly
(2)extravehicular: happening outside spacecraft
2.The Greenhouse Effect
Global warming is caused by an increase in the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is not a bad thing by itself -- it's what allows Earth to stay warm enough for life to survive.
Although it's not a perfect analogy, you can think of the Earth sort of like your car sitting out in a parking lot on a sunny day. You've probably noticed that your car is always much hotter inside than the outside temperature if it's been sitting there for a while. The sun's rays enter through your car's windows. Some of the heat from the sun is absorbed by the seats, the dashboard and the carpeting and floor mats. When those objects release this heat, it doesn't all get out through the windows. Some is reflected back in. The heat radiated by the seats is a different wavelength than the light of the sun that made it through the windows in the first place. So a certain amount of energy is going in, and less energy is going out. The result is a gradual increase in the temperature inside your car.
The greenhouse effect is a little more complicated than your hot car. When the sun's rays hit the Earth's atmosphere and the surface of the Earth, approximately 70 percent of the energy stays on the planet, absorbed by land, oceans, plants and other things. The other 30 percent is reflected into space by clouds, snow fields and other reflective surfaces [Source: NASA]. But even the 70 percent that gets through doesn't stay on earth forever (otherwise the Earth would become a blazing fireball). The Earth's oceans and land masses eventually radiate heat back out. Some of this heat makes it into space. The rest of it ends up getting absorbed when it hits certain things in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane gas and water vapor. After these components in our atmosphere absorb all this heat, they emit energy (also in the form of heat). The heat that doesn't make it out through Earth's atmosphere keeps the planet warmer than it is in outer space, because more energy is coming in through the atmosphere than is going out. This is all part of the greenhouse effect that keeps the Earth warm.
Title: The greenhouse Effect
Author: Ed Grabianowski and Jonathan Strickland
1. This article was told that, besides the greenhouse effect has negative effect but it also has positive effect for the earth. One of the negative effect from Greenhouse effect is would make earth hotter than in the outer space because the heat energy was trapped inside the earth and could cause global warming. But it also was a fortunate for the earth, because without greenhouse effect, maybe earth could be the same as Mars which has low temperature.
2. This article is interesting for me because besides greenhouse effect has negative effect for the earth, actually greenhouse effect helps keep the earth warm. But, if to much heat energy trapped in the earth because of the amount of carbon dioxide is increasing , it could cause a dangerous effect such as the drought until the extinction.
3.(1) emit: produce / utter something
3.Women's Brain
In 1992, Mattel Toys released a talking Barbie doll that said the phrase, "Math class is tough!" The doll caused
controversy, especially among parents and teachers who thought that it
reinforced the stereotype that girls are not good at math. Standardized test scores seemed to support the
stereotype -- in general, boys' scores in math were higher than girls' [Source:
Psychology Today].
| A Ghostly Gender Gap Surveys have shown that more women than men believe in paranormal phenomena. However, other researchers have demonstrated that this is due to the amount of science and math education a person has received, not due to gender. Women who have taken more classes in science and math are less likely to believe in paranormal phenomena [Source: Tavris]. |
Research into the differences in men's and women's brains also seemed to support the idea that men should be better at math. Men have 6.5 times more gray matter in their brains than women do. Women have 10 times more white matter. Gray matter creates processing centers in the brain, and white matter creates the connections between them. In other words, men have lots of areas for processing concrete data -- like mathematical equations -- and women have lots of connections that allow them to see and process patterns [Source: Live Science]. Some researchers believe that this difference in brain structure supports the idea that men are better at math while women are better at language.
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However, other researchers argue that men aren't really better at math. Girls often make better grades in math than boys do. Researchers theorize that the stereotype that women are not good at math may be partly to blame for this discrepancy. According to Dr. Robert Josephs of the University of Texas-Austin, women fear that their performance on standardized tests will prove that they're bad at math. For this reason, they don't do as well on tests, regardless of whether they've made good grades in math classes. Men, on the other hand, see such tests as an opportunity to prove that they are good at math, so they perform better [Source: Psychology Today].
In addition, women tend to receive higher scores on math tests when they take them without men in the room. According to one study that evaluated men and women who had made similar SAT scores, women's scores increase by up to 12 percent when taking tests without men in the room. Researchers say this is due to a stereotype threat, or a fear that a person will conform to a common stereotype [Source: Cook].
Regardless of how well they score on standardized tests, women seem to be able to develop math skills that are equal to men's. A large-scale analysis of data also suggests that there's very little difference between men and women's abilities in math [Source: Economist].
Title: Woman's Brain
Author: Tracy V.Wilson
1. This article is about how's the woman brain works differently from the man. The resaearch said that man has 6.5 times gray matter than the woman does which creates processing center in the brain while the woman has 10 times white matter than the man does which creates the connection between gray matter and the brain.
So that, some researchers believe that this difference in brain structure supports the idea that men are better in math while women are better in language, but some researchers have no same idea about it..
2. The interesting from the article that we can know about how the brain works scientifically which is cause in different way of thinking in both men and women. Well, although men can get higher score in math than women do, in fact, when women take them without men in the room, women could tend to recieve higher score by increasing up to 12% when taking tests.
3.(1)controversy: dispute about contentious topics
(2)reinforced: strengthen something
(3)stereotype: oversimplified something
4.Does anger lead to better decision making?
Conclusions About Anger and Analytics
Judging from these tests, it appears that when distinguishing between various arguments, angry people disregard information that's irrelevant to the quality of the argument, such as its source. Neutral subjects, however, give undue preference to those clues. In their report, Dr. Moons and Dr. Mackie wrote that "angry people were routinely sensitive to variations in argument quality" [Source: Sage Publications]. In other words, they pay attention to heuristics or cues that really matter -- argument quality, facts provided, et cetera. Contrary to common belief, anger can now be seen as a "motivator" of analytical thinking, rather than a barrier [Source: Sage Publications].
The UCSB study shows that anger can help boost analytic thinking as angry subjects more often ignore less useful information. But why? If you think about it, there is an underlying logic. Anger is an emotion that demands a response. Sometimes that response can be harmful or violent. But sometimes it can be constructive -- in this case, a desire to find a solution by focusing on thinking analytically. And as we saw in the third test, even people who weren't analytically inclined saw a boost in their reasoning ability when they got a little peeved. The study also points out that angry people often have a desire to see someone punished, a feeling which could motivate them to rank one argument above another [Source: Sage Publications].
Photo courtesy Forgiss/Dreamstime
If this guy got a little mad, would he figure out the answer to what’s puzzling him?
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Other studies, some of which are cited in the Moons-Mackie study, have also found positive benefits to anger. Dr. Jennifer Lerner of Carnegie-Mellon University has studied the effects of anger extensively. She has found that responding to a stressful situation with a reasonable amount of anger can make people feel more in control and more positive. (It's worth noting that in their study, Dr. Moons and Dr. Mackie didn't see that high level of certainty among subjects.) Dr. Carol Tavris, a psychologist and author of a book called "Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion," says that anger certainly has a positive role to play in society. She cites the women's
suffrage movement as an example [Source:
APA].
In everyday life, we often hear people saying how small eruptions of anger, or expressing frustration when it occurs, is more healthy than bottling it up until it boils over dramatically. Expressing anger can lead to healthy discussions, moments of insight and understanding. It's also usually a better response than one of the alternatives -- fear.
Title: Does anger lead to better decision making?
Author: Jacob Silverman
1. In this article told us about how’s the anger lead us to better decision making. Most of people thought that anger can cause negative effects toward us such as that response can be harmful or violent but contrary to common belief, anger can now be seen a motivator of analytical thinking than a barrier. it is more healthy to expressing frustration when it occurs than does bottling it up until it boils over dramatically.
2. This article is interesting because this article told us that although we decide to keep and refuse to express our anger, it will not even help us in solving the problem, on the other hand, when we felt frustate and angry, it better to express that feeling in a better way as long as it was in control.
3(1)disregard: ignore
(2)analytic: using analysis
(3)peeved: annoyed
5. UFO Crashes in Roswell, N.M.
Just about everyone in the United States has heard of the little town known as Roswell, New Mexico. Most people know there is some connection between Roswell and UFOs. But not many people know the details.
Photo courtesy of the CIA
A purported UFO sighting in Passoria, New Jersey.
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Why did the Roswell incident become such a huge deal? Because it's the most credible UFO sighting ever. First, the U.S. Army actually sent out a press release claiming that a flying disk had crashed in Roswell in July of 1947. The press release also claimed that the Army had recovered the disk. Later this press release was retracted, with the Army claiming it was a big mistake and exaggeration and the disk was actually a weather balloon. But by then the press was already all over the story, and the retraction only fanned the flames. You can see a typical newspaper article of the time here.
The second thing fueling the fire is the way the Army handled the evidence. The Army picked up all the debris from the crash site -- including pieces of debris that individuals from Roswell had collected -- and then all of this evidence vanished.
The third thing - the thing that took this incident into the stratosphere in terms of public interest -- is the idea that alien bodies were recovered from the crash site along with the debris.
In 1994 the Pentagon released a report that attempted to put the whole incident to rest [Source: CNN]. It seems to have had the opposite effect. The Pentagon again claims that the craft was actually an experimental weather balloon, and the bodies were really dummies used in the experiment.
Title: UFO crashes in Roswell, N.M
Author: Marshall Brain
1. This article is about the UFO crashes in Rosewell. Rosewell incident become such a huge deal because it's the most credible UFO sighting ever. In July of 1947 When the UFO recovered by the U.S Army, it was a big mistake and the craft was actually a weather baloon, the bodies were really dummies used in the experiment.
2. This article is interesting because not so many country could see this sight. But the different, in Rosewell, it's the most credible UFO sighting ever. In 1944, experimental weather balloon was misunderstood as a UFO, or even the bodies were relly dummies used in the experiment in Rosewell.
3(1) exaggeration: overemphasis
(2) debris: fragments of something that had been destroyed or broken down
(3) vanished: disappear suddenly
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